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语法手记

wehg489
2026-10-12 / 0 评论 / 1 阅读 / 正在检测是否收录... / 🔊 朗读

构成疑问句:

有 be 动词,be 动词提前;有情态动词,情态动词提前;有完成时助动词,完成时助动词提前;这些都没有且谓语是实义动词时,一般现在时第三人称单数用 does,其余用 do,一般过去时所有人称用 did。

构成否定句:

有 be/情态/完成时助动词,就在它后面加 not;没有就用 do/does/did + not,后面实义动词用原形。区别只是疑问句把助动词提前,否定句不提前、只加 not。

完成时:

完成时的疑问句和否定句都适用助动词规则。疑问提前第一个助动词;否定在第一个助动词后加 not。
但要记住:完成时里可能不止一个助动词,永远抓第一个;并且 have 作实义动词“有”时不是完成时,不适用这套。

完成时的核心结构是:have/has/had/will have/would have + 过去分词。
完成进行时是:have/has/had/will have/would have + been + 现在分词。
完成时被动是:have/has/had/will have/would have + been + 过去分词。

注意

在疑问句里,do/does/did 后面的结构是:主语 + 动词原形。
也就是说,动词原形要用,但不一定紧挨着 does,中间通常要放主语。
比如When does the movie start? 而不是 When does start the movie?

特殊疑问:

特殊疑问句的语序取决于疑问词作什么成分:作主语或修饰主语时用陈述语序,不用 do/does/did 来构成疑问;作宾语、状语、表语、介词宾语时用疑问语序;间接疑问句用陈述语序;there be 句型单独记。

this the book 不能这样连用
this 和 the 都是限定词,一般不能同时修饰同一个名词。

触发语法规则:
同一类/同一位置的限定词通常不能同时用;不同类/不同位置的限定词可以按顺序连用。

助动词分类:

  1. 基本助动词(Primary Auxiliaries)
    只有三个词,但有不同形式:

be:am / is / are / was / were / been / being

have:have / has / had / having

do:do / does / did

它们既能作助动词,也能作实义动词:

Do you like it?(助动词)

I do my homework.(实义动词:做)

Have you eaten?(助动词)

I have a car.(实义动词:有)

Is he coming?(助动词)

He is happy.(系动词)

  1. 情态助动词(Modal Auxiliaries)
    这是你问“还有哪些”的重点。常见有:

can / could

may / might

must

shall / should

will / would

ought to

need(作情态时,如 Need I go?)

dare(作情态时,如 Dare you try?)

其中 will 就是情态助动词,所以:

How soon will the bus arrive? ✅

这里 will 是助动词,提前到主语 the bus 前面。

  1. 半助动词 / 短语助动词(Semi-auxiliaries)
    这些是短语,功能像助动词:

be going to

be able to

have to

had better

would rather

be about to

be supposed to

used to

疑问句里,有助动词/情态动词/be 动词,就把它们提前;没有,就借助 do/does/did。
疑问句只提前“第一个助动词/情态动词/be”,不是把整个半助动词短语整体搬到主语前。
半助动词内部有没有可提前的操作词,要看它的构成。

半助动词不整体提前;疑问倒装提前的是它内部第一个助动词/情态动词/be。没有可提前的操作词,就用 do/does/did。

所以:

be going to / be able to / be about to → 提前 be

have to / used to → 用 do/does/did

had better / would rather → 提前 had/would

ought to → 提前 ought(正式)

need/dare → 看是情态还是实义

介词后面不能直接跟动词原形作宾语;通常要接名词、代词、动名词(V-ing)或名词性从句。所以,考试语法里说“介词后不能直接加动词原形”基本是对的;但不要把它绝对化成“所有介词后永远不能出现动词原形”,要区分 介词 to 和 不定式符号 to,以及 but/except 等例外。

这组词最常用,也最容易出错,建议优先掌握。

home:go home (回家)

there:go there (去那里)

here:come here (来这里)

abroad:go abroad (出国)

upstairs:go upstairs (上楼)

downstairs:go downstairs (下楼)

downtown:go downtown (去市中心/商业区)

inside:go inside (去里面)

outside:go outside (去外面)

overseas:go overseas (去海外)

underground:go underground (去地下)

特别提醒:home 是这类词里的“典范”。虽然 home 也可以作名词(如 my home),但在 go home 这个固定表达里,它是副词,所以绝对不能说 go to home。

这些词指示具体的移动方向,通常也不加介词。

up / down:look up (向上看) / look down (向下看)

in / out:go in (进去) / go out (出去)

back:go back (回去)

away:go away (走开)

around:look around (环顾四周)

ahead:go ahead (向前)

along:walk along (沿着走)

north / south / east / west:go north (向北走)

带后缀的方向词
这些词有规律可循,看到后缀就能判断它表达方向。

-ward(s) 后缀:表示“朝……方向”,如 forward(s) (向前), backward(s) (向后), homeward(s) (向家), eastward(s) (向东)。

-where 后缀:表示“在/去某处”,如 anywhere (任何地方), everywhere (到处), somewhere (某处), nowhere (无处)。这些词在表示方向时也不加 to:go somewhere 而不是 go to somewhere。

⚠️ 一个关键的“例外”区分:near vs. nearby
这两个词很像,但用法有区别:

nearby (在附近):是纯粹的副词,可以直接说 live nearby (住在附近),不加介词。

near:虽然也可作副词(如 come near 走近),但它更常作介词,后面必须接名词来表示“在……附近”,如 live near the school。所以不能说 live near(除非上下文明确,但一般不这么单独用)。

双宾语动词是有限集合,集中在“给/告诉/为某人做”三类;按语义群记,再单独记“explain/suggest/describe/donate/report”这几个不能双宾语的坑,就够了。不是遇到一个记一个

  1. 给予/传递类(最多)
    give, hand, pass, send, lend, offer, show, bring, take, throw, mail, pay, owe, promise, award, grant, leave(遗赠)
  2. 告知/教学类
    tell, teach, ask, show, write, read, sing, play
  3. 获取/制作/保留类
    buy, get, fetch, make, cook, build, find, spare, save, leave
  4. 少数其他
    cost, owe, deny, refuse, wish

It cost me 100 yuan.

I owe you an apology.

They denied him the chance.

在英语中,有一类动词(表示“认为、发现、觉得、使得”),当它们后面跟形容词作宾语补足语,且真正的宾语是一个动作时,必须用 it 作形式宾语,把真正的动作(不定式)放到最后。

公式:
**find / think / make / consider / feel + it + 形容词 + to do sth.

只要你看到:

I find / think / consider...

后面有个形容词(easy, hard, important, necessary...)

你想表达“做某事是……的”

闭眼用 to do 就对了!

I find it hard to get up early.

I think it important to learn English.


和人称有关的助动词
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过去时也有部分人称/数区别
主要是 be:
I / he / she / it → was
you / we / they → were

而 did 所有人称同形:
I did / you did / he did / they did

had 也所有人称同形:
I had / he had / they had

情态助动词不受人称影响
can / could / may / might / must / shall / should / will / would 都不随人称变:
He can swim.(不是 cans)
She will come.(不是 wills)
They must go.

否定/半否定副词或短语置句首
常见:never, seldom, rarely, hardly, scarcely, barely, little, nowhere, not, no, not only, not until, no sooner, under no circumstances, on no account, at no time, in no way, by no means 等。

so / neither / nor 表示“也一样/也不”
I like it. — So do I.
He can’t swim. — Neither can I.
She didn’t go. — Nor did he.

地点/方向副词置句首:完全倒装
这类不是“助动词提前”,而是谓语动词整个提前,常见于 here, there, now, then, up, down, away, in, out, on 等。
Here comes the bus.
Away flew the bird.

On the wall hung a picture.
但如果主语是代词,通常不倒装:
Here he comes.(不是 Here comes he)

部分倒装:否定/限制/强调成分置句首 → 助动词/情态动词/be 提前。
完全倒装:地点/方向/表语置句首 → 谓语动词整个提前。
不是所有句首成分都倒装;关键看该成分是否属于上述否定、限制、强调或特定固定结构。

never 这类频度否定副词贴在第一个助动词 have 之后、实义动词之前

否定句里表示「也」要用 either,并且落在句末,紧跟在被否定的内容之后。too 只用在肯定句;neither 不能单独挂在句末当「也」用;also 一般不出现在否定句尾,它习惯贴在助动词后。

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